![]() Initial attempts by the chimpanzees to engage the staff in play were relatively polite and resulted in some tickle play. The staff, however, had worked hard all morning, and by early afternoon were invested in resting. I recall observing nursery-reared chimpanzees of 3 and 4 years of age, very desirous of play, trying to get the human staff to play with them, especially chase play. I was working with the young chimpanzees in the Yerkes nursery, and watching how they interacted with other people, and these experiences led me to consider the importance of the co-construction of communicative meaning in chimpanzees. We discussed the different perspectives of ape-language studies, and what it meant to be communicatively competent.Īfter these conversations with Sally, while reflecting on what I learned about chimpanzees from her, I was reading Sacks ( 1985) book about humans’ need to be understood communicatively. Sally regaled me with many stories of her experiences with chimpanzees, from their strength, their humor, their strategic social negotiations, and their capacity for strong social bonds (with humans as well as other chimpanzees). I (K.A.B.) was fortunate indeed to begin my graduate studies at Georgia State University during this exciting time, while renting a room in Sally Boysen’s house. The 1980s were also an exciting time in comparative psychology, as we learned about the communicative capacity of great apes, through the numerous ape-language studies and the long-term field studies, especially by Goodall. The 1980s were an exciting time in developmental psychology, with discoveries of the preverbal communicative capacity in the human species. We suggest that at this point in development (before human infants use lots of speech), nonverbal communicative gestures may be equally important for human and chimpanzee infants. We did not find strong evidence that the specific types of gestural environment experienced by young infants influenced the types of gestures that infants produce. ![]() Interestingly, we found that 1-year-old infants produced the gesture of “hold mutual gaze" and that the chimpanzee infants had a significantly higher rate than the human infants. Reports of species differences in gesturing in young infants, therefore, could be influenced by investigators’ choice of gesture type. Chimpanzee infants produced significantly higher rates of chimpanzee-usual gestures, and human infants produced significantly higher rates of human-usual gestures, but there was no significant species difference in the species-common gestures. We did find significant differences, however, when we considered the three types of gesture. We found no significant differences between groups or species in overall rates of infant-produced or infant-received gestures, suggesting that all of these infants produced and received gestures at similar levels. We classified the gestures into the following types: human-usual, chimpanzee-usual, and species-common and searched for within species and between species differences. We recorded gestures produced by infants and those produce by others and directed toward infants. In contrast to previous studies, we compared the species at the same age (12–14 months) and used multiple groups living in diverse socioecological settings for both species. Download the file and draw at any convenient time.We investigated the communicative gestures used by chimpanzee and human infants. ![]() By tradition, I prepared a PDF file for you in advance, in which you will find a brief instruction and additional training materials. Leave your feedback in the comments, so I know if you enjoyed this tutorial. Now you know how to draw a chimpanzee step by step. You will need different shades of brown, as well as black. Draw the large tail with smooth lines.ĭraw the toes on each paw and draw a curved line across the chest. With smooth curved lines depict two hind legs in a sitting position.ĭepict small zigzag lines on the paws. With the help of smooth lines, depict two front paws in which the brushes are bent inward. Add the rest of the elements of the head.ĭraw the large ears on the sides of the head and draw the eyebrows with short strokes.Mark the contour where the color will differ and draw the crest on the top of the head.ĭepict the oval-shaped eyes, the small nose and the wide mouth. First draw the large head, and then add the small torso.
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